# LV Fractional Shortening

#### Reference Values

 Normal FS (%) M-Mode >25 2-D measurement >18

#### Formula

$FS = \frac{LVEDD-LVESD}{LVEDD} \times 100%$

#### Definitions

 LVEDD Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension LVESD Left ventricular end-systolic dimension FS Fractional Shortening

#### References

 1 Lang RM, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18:1444. Abstract 2 Lewis RP, et al. Relationship between changes in the left ventricular dimension and ejection fraction in man. Circulation 44:548; 1971. Abstract

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Developer & Illustrator: Sirikarn Napan, MD, FACC