# Stroke Volume & Cardiac Output

#### Reference Values

Normal Range
Stroke Volume (SV)60 – 100 mL/beat
Stroke Volume Index33 – 47 mL/m2
Stroke Volume Variation†10 – 15%
Cardiac Output (CO)4.0 – 8.0 L/min
Cardiac Index (CI)2.5 – 4.0 L/min/m2
† Stroke Volume Variation = SVmax – SVmin/SVmean x 100

#### Formulas

$SV = \pi \times (\frac{LVOT}{2})^2 \times LVOT \hspace{0.2cm} VTI$
$CO = \frac{SV \times HR}{1000}$

#### Definitions

 LVOT Left ventricular outflow tract VTI Velocity-time integral HR Heart rate SV Stroke volume CO Cardiac output CI Cardiac index BSA Body surface area using the Mosteller formula

#### References

 1 Huntsman LL, et al. Noninvasive Doppler determination of cardiac output in man-clinical validation. Circulation 1983; 106:1057-1065. Abstract 2 Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult (PDF). Edwards Lifesciences LLC. 2009. Link

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Developer & Illustrator: Sirikarn Napan, MD, FACC